Industry 4.0 can be defined as the increase in technological developments (from artificial intelligence to renewable energy) in industries. Industry 4.0 When the industrial revolution is complete, how will the production processes of the future look and what are the defining characteristics?

With Industry 4.0, the world is starting a new industrial revolution. The power and influence of developing technologies is increasing, thanks to the ever-increasing data communication and the expanding information network. Undoubtedly, this new age will have an impact that will change business life, product lifecycle, service areas, business models, machine safety and even socio-economic standards.

Industry 4.0 Technologies

Industry 4.0 is a term that combines concepts such as cyber – physical systems, the Internet of things. The basic technologies can be listed as follows:

Big data
Smart Cities
Blockchain / Bitcoin
Artificial Intelligence
Renewable Energy / Renewable Energy
fintech
E-Commerce
Robotics
3D Printing
Virtual / Augmented Reality
Shared Economies
Internet of Things (IoT)
Nanotechnology / 2D Materials
Biotechnology / Genetics and Agricultural Innovation
Desalination and improved waste management
Industrial production requirements are changing day by day. It is even harder to meet customer expectations. There is an increasing demand for products that meet these expectations.  This also means more competitive and more economical manufacturing for companies. Investments in systems engineering, manufacturing IT and business systems are needed more than ever to adapt to new conditions. In this process, companies have no choice but to create new production tools that will make their lives easier.

Industry 4.0 Examples

The most up-to-date example for Industry 4.0 is an injection molding machine, which we can call the “energy efficiency process optimization” machine.  The machine was incorporated into the Industrial Ethernet production network using communication-enabled components and a conventional injection molding machine turned into an optimization tool capable of “condition monitoring and detection. The built-in power monitor measures and records all relevant electrical parameters of the machine. It makes them usable in the energy management system.

Signal converters convert analog machine data into digital data that is then processed and analyzed in the cloud. What is remarkable about signal transducers is that they include comprehensive detection functions in addition to typical functions such as signal acquisition, preparation, standardization and output. The transfer of data to the cloud enables the adaptation of production and manufacturing data together with other information, such as current energy prices, and therefore a complete analysis of all production data.

Let’s take a look at some of the innovations likely to come into our lives with Industry 4.0

Hazard control: Providing safety and security in the transport of dangerous goods
Smart container: improve the quality of the packaging used in food transport
Estimated maintenance: understand the machine through sensor to avoid any damage and improve efficiency
Elevator maintenance: provide economical and easy repair by remote means.

Updating devices: Updating devices with priced tools especially when these devices are strategically far away.
Smart cities: Use communication technologies and networks to manage traffic flows, water flows, air quality and security in cities.

What will happen in the future with Industry 4.0?

Big Data-Based Quality Control: With Industry 4.0, data collection will not be as time-consuming as it is now. The measures developed will analyze company data, identify weak points, identify causes of product defects, and identify relevant solutions. The application of Industry 4.0 technology allows companies to adapt to larger data, increase demand for industrial data scientists, and reduce the number of workers involved in quality control processes.

Auto-controlled Logistics Tools: We will be able to see independent logistics tools in factories thanks to artificial intelligence. In this case, an automated transport system will develop and the need for logistics personnel will be reduced.

Robot-Aided Manufacturing: Automated and autonomous robots are no longer on a movie scene! Industry 4.0 can enable robotic workers trained in different production areas to work in factories. BThese robots will be equipped with safety sensors and cameras so that they can interact with the environment. The amount of manual work required in production can be reduced by opening up new job opportunities for those skilled in the field of robotics.

Smart Factory: Industry 4.0 combines the physical world with the virtual world. This makes automatic production possible. The “Smart Factory” project is a collection of cyber-physical systems that provide significant productivity results. This advanced automation allows the machine to control its production. This greatly affects resources such as time and cost.

Retrieved from Voltium.com.tr

Lightning Rods and Working Principles

Our country has four seasons and is exposed to strong rain and winds. This sometimes causes lightning. As it is known, lightning is the discharge of electricity between the sky and the earth.

This electricity is so strong that even a tree can be divided in half. People or animals taking shelter under the tree can also die. Various measures are taken to protect high-rise buildings, industrial and production facilities from this danger. The best known of these measures is lightning rod.

Lightning rod, or lightning, also known as lightning, is a device that protects buildings, houses and industrial plants from lightning by transferring the electrical charge in the air to earth. The lightning rod developed by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 is one of the important inventions of the 18th century. In this article, you can learn about the structure, features and working principle of lightning rods.

Structure and Working Principle of Lightning Rod

Lightning rods, which we often see at the top of many buildings, factories and houses, are made up of three main parts: air terminals, conductive wires and sheet metal.

The air terminals are the pointed metal rod that we see at all times of the lightning rods. This metal rod is placed at the highest point of the building and connected to the metal plate by conductive wires.

The conductive wires enable the electrical charges collected at the air terminal to be transferred to the metal plate. These wires are a kind of connection point between the top of the building and the floor.

Metal sheet is the buried part of lightning rod. The electrical charges collected at the air terminal and transferred by conductive wires are given to the ground by means of the metal plate. Thus, the collected electrical current is neutralized by grounding method without damaging any person or structure.

What should be paid attention when installing the lightning rod system?

There are important points to consider when installing the lightning rod. Lightning protection systems, which are not installed in accordance with certain procedures, may cause great damage to the structures on which they are placed for protection. Lightning conductor maintenance and grounding measurement must be carried out in accordance with the lightning rod regulations.

The lightning rod must be installed higher than the highest point of buildings such as houses and factories that are expected to be protected. For example, the lightning rod that is flush with the top of the roof is incorrectly positioned and is unlikely to prevent a possible lightning hazard.

It should be ensured that all copper conductors to be used in lightning rod installation are 99.5% purity and electrolytic copper.

There are devices such as television antenna and radio antenna near the lightning rod placed on the roof and they should be connected to the lightning rod.

The parts of the lightning rod, which shall be located under the ground, ie the metal plates, must be fully pitched and ensured that they are placed under the ground.

Retrieved from Voltium.com.tr

Harmonics gradually increased with the increase of power supply elements.

What is harmonic and why

We recommend that you take your harmonic measurements regularly.

Harmonics generally consist of the presence of any or both of the nonlinear elements and the nonsusoidal sources in the system. Sinusoidal waves other than basic waves are called “harmonic.. The presence of harmonic current and voltage in power systems means that the sinusoidal wave is disturbed. Disturbed waves are called nonsusoidal waves in the technical literature.

Harmonics, converters, transformers, generators, arc furnaces, some types of lighting, computers, printers, televisions, phone chargers and uninterruptible power supplies, such as the use of electronic devices is a new term entered into our lives. As is known, the alternating voltage is in the form of a sine wave with a certain frequency. frequency of the alternating voltage used in Turkey is 50 Hz.

A single frequency sine wave alternating voltage applied to an electronic device or circuit causes a wave distortion due to the non-linearity of the electronic device or circuit. This distortion occurs as integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. It can be seen better than the waveform below.

HARMONICS DISAPPE SINE Waveform

Harmonics are strictly interventions. The disadvantages arising from the harmonics have many negative effects for the plants both technically and commercially. In systems with harmonics, current and voltage waveforms that are expected to be in pure sinusoidal form under normal conditions deteriorate.

Harmonic problems in general;

1. Increased neutral current

2. Faulty operation of microprocessors

3. Overload failure in compensation systems

4. Heating and excessive noise of transformers increase the losses due to this

5. Distortion of source voltage waveform

6. Increased voltage drops and direct proportional losses

7. High frequency resonance risks in systems

8. Loss of efficiency and material losses in transmission and distribution due to the increase of rms current in transmission lines

9. Electric motors and transformers overheating

10. Failures in sensitive electronic devices

11. Deterioration of insulation levels of devices

12. Increased losses in the system and material effects

13. Failure or malfunction of circuit breakers (such as untimely tripping)

Harmonic filters must be used to eliminate harmonic effects. Harmonic filters prevent harmonic problems by correcting harmonics in the system.

This article is taken from voltium.com.tr.

5 golden rules for the installation of surge arrester

In this article, we will touch upon 5 key points to be considered for the correct installation of surge arresters. Parallel connection, 50 cm rule, 30 meter rule, protection cutter and cable cross section will be explained in detail.

5 key points for correct surge arrester mounting

The increasing prevalence of electronic systems and the increasing complexity of sensitive electronic equipment and network structures increases the likelihood of damage due to overvoltages. Today, computer and server infrastructure is trusted in all sectors (residential, commercial buildings and industrial facilities) and especially in data centers.

In this article, we will touch upon 5 key points to be considered for the correct installation of surge arresters.

Any posture in the computer system caused by overvoltages may have devastating consequences.

Loss of service, loss of service, loss of data and loss of production can result in multiple times the costs of surge arresters that provide protection from over-voltages.

For all these reasons, they cannot provide the desired protection if the installation of the surge arrester required in cascade installation from the input panels to the secondary panels and end equipments in electrical installation systems is not performed correctly.

5 key points required for correct surge arrester installation

1. Parallel connection

The surge arresters are connected in parallel to the circuit.

2. 50 cm. rule

A lightning impulse current of 10 kA causes a voltage drop of approximately 1200V on a 1m cable due to the inductance of the cable.

The voltage to which the equipment that is intended to be protected with parafudur is exposed

Uprot voltage:

• Surge protection level Up

• Voltage Ud at the ends of the protection circuit breaker

• The voltage generated at the terminals is equal to the sum of U1, U2, U3. Uprot = Up + Ud + U1 + U2 + U3

Total cable distance (L = L1) to keep the surge protection level of the surge arrester below the impact voltage resistance (Uw) of the protected device.

+ L2 + L3) should be kept as short as possible (less than 50 cm).

The following solutions can be used to accomplish this:

a) Reduce additional joints

b) V-type or “input-output” wiring resets connection distances

c) In large panels, taking the PE ground connection from the main busbar and moving the grounding terminal closer to the surge arrester.

d) If all of these cannot be done, the Up value is a lower initial.

3. 30 meters rule

If the distance between the type 2 surge arrester and the protected equipment is less than 10 m, 100% effective protection according to IEC 61643-12 is provided. If the distance is too large, the protection efficiency of the surge arrester is reduced. This is because the cable ring acts as an antenna, increasing the pulse voltage due to the oscilloscopic reflection phenomenon (up to 2 times), and with the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, this ring becomes larger.

The protection distance, ie the maximum conductor length between the surge arrester and the equipment to be protected, depends on the level of protection voltage Up, the sum of the voltage drops to the Uprot surge connection and the impact resistance voltage of the equipment to be protected Uw.

The distance can be calculated, but the distance to be considered in each case is a maximum of 10 m. as determined. It is therefore a paraffin installed at the point where the energy supply is,

since it is not sufficient to protect the entire plant, surge arresters must be added to the end equipment at a lower protection voltage level in coordination with the previous surge arrester.

If this distance exceeds 30 m, surge arrestor must be added (closest to the point where the end equipment is located, eg in the fuse box at the entrance of the computer / server room).

4. Protection cutter selection

Parafudur protection circuit breaker (automatic fuse ta or snow button fuse ta carrier) is connected to the upper circuit, provides thermal and short circuit protection to the surge arrester. Again at the end of the life, it is necessary to disconnect the surge arrester or to change the keys of the end of life to ensure the safety and continuity of ser vis. The manufacturer of the surge arrester must provide the maximum protection circuit breaker to be used with all types of surge arresters.

The relevant protection circuit breaker must be selected according to the short circuit current (Ip) that may occur at the connection point of the surge arrester.

5) Cable cross section selection and grounding resistance

The final rule for correct surge arresters is the choice of cable cross-section and grounding resistance.

Connection between power supply and surge arrester:

This cable must be at least the same cross-section as the cable from the upper circuit. Although the wiring is more important than the cross-sections, the phases and neutral 10 mm² earth should be 16 mm² in the main panel.

Parafudur earth connection

The minimum cross-section must be 4 mm² in the absence of external lightning conductors (eg lightning rods) and 10 mm² in the case of external lightning down conductors. In order to maintain a safety margin, it is recommended to select a larger cross section of 10-20 mm².

Grounding resistance

Maximum according to IEC 62305

VOLTURES OF WORLD COUNTRIES
USA.
120V / 60Hz
Cyprus
240 V / 50 Hz
Afghanistan
120V / 50 & 60 Hz
Colombia
110-120 V / 60 Hz
Germany
230 & 400V / 50Hz
Congo
220 V / 50 Hz
Angola
220 V / 50 Hz
Korea
110 & 220V / 60Hz
Argentina
220 V / 50 Hz
Costa Rica
120 V / 60 Hz
Australia
240 V / 50 Hz
Kuwait
240 V / 50 Hz
Austria
220 V / 50 Hz
Cuba
115-120 V / 60 Hz
Bahama
120 V / 60 Hz
Libya
110-220 V / 50 Hz
Bahrain
230 V / 50 Hz
Lebanon
110-220 V / 50 Hz
Belgium
220 V / 50 Hz
Luxembourg
220 V / 50 Hz
Bangladesh
230 V / 50 Hz
Hungary
220 V / 50 Hz
Bermuda
115 V / 60 Hz
Malaysia
240 V / 50 Hz
United Arab E.
220 V / 50 Hz
Financial
220 V / 50 Hz
Bolivia
110 V / 50-60 Hz
Malta
240 V / 50 Hz
Brazil
220 V / 60 Hz
Mexican
127 V / 50-60 Hz
Bulgaria
220 V / 50 Hz
Egypt
220 V / 50 Hz
Algeria
220 V / 50 Hz
Nicaragua
120 V / 60 Hz
snap
220 V / 50 Hz
Norway
220 V / 50 Hz
Czech Rep.
220 V / 50 Hz
Pakistan
230 V / 50 Hz
China
220 V / 50 Hz
Panama
110 & 220V / 60Hz
Denmark
220 V / 50 Hz
Paraguay
220 V / 50 Hz
Equator
110 & 220V / 60Hz
Peru
220 V / 60 Hz
El Salvador
120 & 240V / 60Hz
Poland
220 V / 60 Hz
Ethiopia
220 V / 50 Hz
Portugal
220 V / 60 Hz
Philippines
110 V / 60 Hz
Porto Rico
120 V / 60 Hz
Finland
220 V / 50 Hz
Romania
220 V / 50 Hz
France
230 V / 50 Hz
Russia
220 V / 50 Hz
Gambia
230 V / 50 Hz
senegal
110-127 V / 50 Hz
Ghana
250 V / 50 Hz
Singapore
230 V / 50 Hz
South Africa
220 V / 50 Hz
Slovakia
220 V / 50 Hz
Haiti
110 V / 60 Hz
Somalia
220 V / 50 Hz
India
230 & 250 V / 50 Hz
Sudan
240 V / 50 Hz
Netherlands
220 V / 50 Hz
Syria
220 V / 50 Hz
Hong Kong
220 V / 50 Hz
Saudi Arabia
127-220 V 50-60 Hz
Indonesian to
220 V / 50 Hz
Chile
220 V / 50 Hz
Iraq
220 V / 50 Hz
Thailand
220 V / 50 Hz
Britain
240 V / 50 Hz
Taiwan
110 V / 60 Hz
Iranian
220 V / 50 Hz
Tunisian
220 V / 50 Hz
Ireland
220 V / 50 Hz
Turkey
220 V / 50 Hz
Spain
220 V / 50 Hz
Uganda
240 V / 50 Hz
Israel
230 V / 50 Hz
Uruguay
220 V / 50 Hz
Switzerland
220 V / 50 Hz
Jordan
220 V / 50 Hz
Italy
220 V / 50 Hz
Venezuela
120 V / 60 Hz
Iceland
220 V / 50 Hz
Vietnamese
220 V / 50 Hz
Jamaica
110 & 220V / 50Hz
Yemen
250 V / 50 Hz
Japan
220 V / 50 & 60 Hz
New Zealand
230 V / 50 Hz
Cameroon
220 V / 50 Hz
Greece
220 V / 50 Hz
Canada
115 V / 60 Hz
Zaire
220 V / 50 Hz
Train
240 V / 50 Hz
Zambia
230 V / 50 Hz
Kenya
240 V / 50 Hz
Zimbabwe
220 V / 50 Hz